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Hefei (/h??fe?/; Chinese: ºÏ·Ê) , Wade-Giles romanization Ho-fei, formerly (until 1912) Luzhou, is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. As a prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, and cultural center of Anhui. Its population was 9,369,881 as of the 2020 census and its built-up (or metro) area made up of four urban districts plus Feidong, Feixi and Changfeng counties being urbanized, was home to 7,754,481 inhabitants. Located in the central portion of the province, it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast, Tongling to the south, Anqing to the southwest and Lu'an to the west. A natural hub of communications, Hefei is situated to the north of Chao Lake and stands on a low saddle crossing the northeastern extension of the Dabie Mountains, which forms the divide between the Huai and Yangtze rivers.

The present-day city dates from the Song dynasty. Before World War II, Hefei remained essentially an administrative centre and the regional market for the fertile plain to the south. It has gone through a growth in infrastructure in recent years. Hefei is the location of Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor.

Hefei is a world leading city for scientific research, with its ranking placed at 20th globally and 6th in China (behind Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Wuhan), as tracked by the Nature Index in 2021. The city is represented by several major universities, including the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei University of Technology, Anhui University, Anhui Agricultural University and Anhui Medical University. Notably, the University of Science and Technology of China is one of the top 100th comprehensive public research universities in the world.

(Swan Lake Hefei)

Hefei has been the provincial capital since 1952. Hefei, in central Anhui, is a natural hub of communications, being situated to the north of Chao Lake and standing on a low saddle crossing the northeastern extension of the Dabie Mountains, which form the divide between the Huai and Yangtze rivers. From Hefei there is easy water transport via the lake to the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) opposite Wuhu. Important land routes run through Hefei¡ªeast-west from Pukou (opposite Nanjing in Jiangsu) to Xi¡¯an (in Shaanxi) and north-south from Xuzhou (in Jiangsu) and Bengbu to Anqing (both in Anhui).

From the 8th to the 6th century BC, Hefei was the site of the small state of Shu, later a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from that period have been made. The name Hefei was first given to a county set up in the area under the Han dynasty in the 2nd century BCE. During the 4th to the 6th century CE, this crucial border region between northern and southern states was much fought over; its name and administrative status were consequently often changed. During the Sui (581¨C618) and Tang (618¨C907) periods, it became the seat of Lu prefecture¡ªa title it kept until the 15th century, when it became a superior prefecture named Luzhou.

The present-day city dates from the Song dynasty (960¨C1279), the earlier Hefei having been some distance farther north. During the 10th century, it was for a while the capital of the independent Wu kingdom (902¨C937) and was an important centre of the Nan (Southern) Tang state (937¨C975/976). From 1127 it became a centre of the defenses of the Nan Song dynasty (1127¨C1279) against the Jin (Juchen) invaders, as well as a flourishing centre of trade between the two states. When the Chinese republic was founded in 1911/12, the superior prefecture was abolished, and the city took the name Hefei.

(Old Hefei Map with Wall)

Before World War II, Hefei remained essentially an administrative centre and the regional market for the fertile plain to the south. It was a collecting hub for grain, beans, cotton, and hemp, as well as a centre for handicraft industries manufacturing cloth, leather, bamboo goods, and ironware.

The construction in 1912 of the Tianjin-Pukou railway, farther east, for a while made Hefei a provincial backwater, and much of its importance passed to Bengbu. In 1932¨C36, however, a Chinese company built a railway linking Hefei with Yuxikou (on the Yangtze opposite Wuhu) to the southeast and with the Huai River at Huainan to the north. While this railway was built primarily to exploit the rich coalfield in northern Anhui, it also did much to revive the economy of the Heifei area by taking much of its produce to Wuhu and Nanjing.

Although Hefei was a town of only about 30,000 in the mid-1930s, its population grew more than tenfold in the following 20 years. The city¡¯s administrative role was strengthened when the provincial government was established there in 1952, but much of its new growth derived from its development as a diversified industrial city. A cotton mill was opened in 1958, and a thermal-power-generating plant, using coal from Huainan, was established in the early 1950s. It also became the seat of factories producing industrial chemicals and chemical fertilizers. In the late 1950s an iron and steel complex was built. In addition to a machine-tool works and engineering and agricultural machinery factories, the city has developed plants producing aluminum, electronics, and a variety of light manufactures. Hefei is now the political, economic, cultural, and communication centre of Anhui province. There are a number of institutions of higher learning, including the prestigious University of Science and Technology of China, established in Beijing in 1958 and moved to Hefei in the early 1970s.

(Downtown Hefei)

(Hefei South Railway Station)